The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS). 57 stable severe mental disorder patients (42 men, 73.7%, and 15 women, 26.3%), ranging in age between 23 and 64 years, (M = 46.25; SD = 7.52) answered to the BRCS and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF). Descriptive analyses, estimations of internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, and correlations between the BRCS and the WHOQOL-BREF were calculated. The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis, with a single dimension of resilience. The BRCS showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha of .69). Correlations between the BRCS and WHOQOL-BREF were positive, r(PhH-R) = .42, r(PsH-R) = .40, r(SR-R) = .33, r(E-R) = .35, and significant (p < .01). In conclusion, the Spanish adaptation of the BRCS seems to be a reliable and valid measure of resilience in stable severe mental disorder patients.
Adaptation, Psychological , Mental Disorders/psychology , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Resilience, Psychological , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life/psychology , Reproducibility of Results
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to adapt and validate the most common measure of self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), in the elderly Spanish population based on the initial one-factor model proposed by the author of the scale. DESIGN: The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. SETTING: The study was carried out in the city of Valencia (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 231 elderly people with a mean age 72.68 (SD=8.55). MEASUREMENTS: The participants completed the questionnaire RSES for the validation process, sociodemographic data and Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis with a five-item structure for the one-factor structure showed good fit indexes (Chi square [5] = 217.20, p < .05; CFI = .965; GFI = .980; RMSEA = .070 [90% confidence interval of RMSEA, .022-.087]), and reliability, as internal consistency, measure with Cronbach's alpha was .732. CONCLUSION: The adaptation of the RSES showed a unifactorial structure with good internal consistency. This reduced adaptation/version of the scale may facilitate clinical practice and be useful in research in older people.
Aging/psychology , Psychometrics/methods , Self Concept , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Reproducibility of Results , Spain
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS). 57 stable severe mental disorder patients (42 men, 73.7%, and 15 women, 26.3%), ranging in age between 23 and 64 years, (M = 46.25; SD = 7.52) answered to the BRCS and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF). Descriptive analyses, estimations of internal consistency, and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted, and correlations between the BRCS and the WHOQOL-BREF were calculated. The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis, with a single dimension of resilience. The BRCS showed acceptable internal consistency (alpha of .69). Correlations between the BRCS and WHOQOL-BREF were positive, r(PhH-R) = .42, r(PsH-R) = .40, r(SR-R) = .33, r(E-R) = .35, and significant (p < .01). In conclusion, the Spanish adaptation of the BRCS seems to be a reliable and valid measure of resilience in stable severe mental disorder patients
No disponible
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Resilience, Psychological/classification , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/psychology , Reproducibility of Results , Mentally Ill Persons/psychology
Abstract Different studies with university students show the presence of a negative image about the elderly and an absence of positive stereotypes regarding this age group. With the increase of the older population, these stereotypes must disappear in order to work with aged people without a negative view of them. The aim of this paper was to identify the existence of negative stereotypes towards old age in students who are pursuing health-related and not related university degree courses. A total of 262 students were assessed with the CENVE questionnaire. In order to find out whether there were differences between students with respect to negative stereotypes, an ANOVA and a post-hoc comparison test were carried out. Results were significant at the 5% level. These show evidence of the existence of negative stereotypes about old age in students pursuing university degrees related and not related to the field of health. ANOVAs showed differences in total CENVE (F3 259 = 3.574; p = 0.015; r2 = 0.040), Social Motivation dimension (F3259 = 3.697; p = 0.012; rf = 0.042), and Personality dimension (F3259 = 5.157; p = 0.002; r2 = 0.057). The post-hoc tests show the existence of differences in stereotypes depending on the course that is being studied, where the health related courses show the lower level of negative stereotypes.
Resumo Diversos estudos sobre estereótipos com estudantes universitários mostram que as pessoas idosas são percebidas mais frequentemente a partir de uma imagem negativa do que com estereótipos positivos. Levando em consideração o crescente aumento da população idosa na atualidade e como o fim de trabalhar com pessoas mais velhas a partir de uma visão positiva de si mesmos, é preciso que esses estereótipos desapareçam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se existem estereótipos negativos com respeito à velhice em estudantes de cursos universitários relacionados e não relacionados com o campo da saúde. No total, 262 estudantes foram avaliados com o questionário CENVE e, para saber se existiam diferenças de estereótipos negativos entre os estudantes de acordo com sua habilitação, foi realizada uma análise ANOVA, além de comparações post hoc. Os resultados foram significativos com um nível de 5% e evidenciaram a existência de estereótipos negativos com respeito à velhice em estudantes de habilitações universitárias relacionadas e não relacionadas com o campo da saúde. Os ANOVA mostraram diferenças para o CENVE total (F3259 = 3.574; p = .015; n2 = .040), para a dimensão de motivação social (F3259 = 3.697; p = .012; n2 = .042) e para a dimensão de personalidade (F3259 = 5.157; p = .002; n2 = .057). As provas post hoc mostraram a existência de diferenças no grau de estereótipos negativos de acordo com as habilitações em curso, sendo que as habilitações de saúde mostraram menor grau em comparação com as demais.
Resumen Diversos estudios sobre estereotipos con estudiantes universitarios muestran que las personas mayores son percibidas más desde una imagen negativa que con estereotipos positivos. Teniendo en cuenta el creciente aumento de la población mayor en la actualidad, y con el fin de trabajar con personas mayores desde una visión positiva de sí mismos, es necesario que estos estereotipos desaparezcan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si existen estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en estudiantes de carreras universitarias relacionadas y no relacionadas con el campo de la salud. En total, se evaluó a 262 estudiantes con el cuestionario CENVE, y, para saber si existían diferencias de estereotipos negativos entre los estudiantes según su titulación, se realizó un análisis ANOVA, además de comparaciones post hoc. Los resultados fueron significativos al nivel del 5 % y evidenciaron la existencia de estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en estudiantes de títulos universitarios relacionados y no relacionados con el campo de la salud. Los ANOVA mostraron diferencias para el CENVE total (F3259 = 3.574; p = .015; η 2 = .040), para la dimensión de motivación social (F3259 = 3.697; p = .012; η2 = .042) y para la dimensión de personalidad (F3259 = 5.157; p = .002; η 2 = .057). Las pruebas post hoc mostraron la existencia de diferencias en el grado de estereotipos negativos según las titulaciones en curso, donde las titulaciones sanitarias mostraron menor grado en comparación con las demás.
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Ageism
OBJECTIVES: The main aim was to test a causal relations model of the problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles, depressed mood, and divergent thinking (DT) in older adults. It was hypothesized that both forms of coping would have a significant effect on predicting depressed mood, and that problem-focused coping and depressed mood would have a significant effect on DT. METHOD: Participants were 135 subjects with ages ranging between 55 and 84 years old, who took part in a personal interview and filled out several questionnaires. The statistical analysis included structural equations models (SEM). RESULTS: The initial model led to a final model endorsed by the goodness of fit, composite reliability, and discriminant validity indexes. This model confirms a direct relationship between the two types of coping strategies and depressed mood (with the opposite sign), but not between rational coping and DT. Finally, depressed mood was also confirmed as a mediator variable between coping and DT. CONCLUSION: The type of coping is a clear predictor of mood in older adults. Advanced age decline is not necessarily translated into inefficacy in everyday problem solving especially in those who, through proble-focused coping, avoid depressed moods and maintain good levels of DT.
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Aging/physiology , Depression/physiopathology , Thinking/physiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Creativity , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Problem Solving/physiology
The objective is to examine the effects of reminiscence therapy (RT) on total, episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) groups, testing the effects of RT on different stages of autobiographical memory, and its effectiveness at follow-up. A sample composed of 43 aMCI (27 treatments, 16 controls) and 30 AD (15 treatments, 15 controls) subjects were evaluated with the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) test. The RT consisted of 10 sessions lasting 60 minutes each. Both groups, aMCI and AD, showed significant effects on overall autobiographical memory; aMCI showed significant main effects on episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in the treatment group, increasing scores in both cases. For AD, significant effects were observed on autobiographical episodic memory, showing an increase in the treatment group from Time 1 to follow-up; semantic memory showed a decrease in the control group from Time 1 to follow-up. Results show that RT implementation and follow-up are effective in increasing autobiographical memory in subjects with aMCI and AD.
Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Memory, Episodic , Aged, 80 and over , Aging , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Neuropsychological Tests
Objetivo. Evaluar las diferencias en las dimensiones del bienestar psicológico en función de los grupos de edad, sexo y su interacción. Método. Se obtuvo una muestra de 706 participantes, dividida en tres grupos de edad (jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores), quienes respondieron a las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Se calculó un Manova teniendo en cuenta las variables grupo de edad, sexo y su interacción. Posteriormente, se realizaron varios Anova para conocer entre cuáles grupos existían diferencias para cada dimensión. Resultados. El análisis mostró una disminución, con la edad, en las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico de relaciones positivas con otros y crecimiento personal, dominio del entorno y pérdida de autonomía en adultos mayores. Por otro lado, la dimensión de autoaceptación difiere entre sexos con la edad; las mujeres mostraron un descenso en su crecimiento personal con la edad, mientras que el dominio del entorno aumenta con la edad adulta, con mayor estabilidad en mujeres. Conclusión. Por lo anterior, se sugiere promover el trabajo de los pensamientos negativos y desadaptativos en mujeres, ya que los hombres obtienen mejores puntuaciones en dimensiones que disminuyen la aparición de patologías relacionadas con el estado de ánimo. Además, deben fomentarse las relaciones sociales y las propias capacidades de los sujetos.
Objective. To evaluate the differences in the dimensions of psychological well-being in reference to age, gender and their interaction. Method. A sample with 706 participants was obtained and then divided in three age groups (young, middle-aged adults and elderly adults), who responded to the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale A MANOVA was calculated taking into account the group variables of age, gender and their interaction. Later, an ANOVA was done to know among which groups there were differences for each dimension. Results. The analysis showed a decrease, with age, in the dimensions of psychological well-being of positive relationships with others, and personal growth, domain of the environment and loss of autonomy in the elderly adults. In addition, the dimension of self-acceptance differs between the genders with age; women showed a decrease in their personal growth with age, while the domain of the environment increases with the adult age being more stable among women. Conclusion. Based on the above, it is suggested that a work in negative and maladaptive thoughts in women, since men get a better score in dimensions that diminish the appearance of pathologies related to the mood. A work in the social relationships as well as the individuals' aptitudes should be encouraged.
Escopo. Avaliar as diferenças nas dimensões do bem-estar psicológico em função dos grupos de idade, sexo e sua interação. Metodologia. Foi obtida uma amostra de 706 participantes, dividida em três grupos de idade (jovens, adultos e idosos), os quais responderam às Escalas de Bem-estar Psicológico de Ryff. Foi calculado um MANOVA levando em conta as variáveis grupo de idade, sexo e sua interação. Depois, foram feitas ANOVAs para conhecer entre quais grupos existem diferenças para cada dimensão. Resultados. A análise mostrou uma diminuição, com a idade, nas dimensões de bem-estar psicológico de relações positivas com outros e crescimento pessoal, domínio do entorno e perdida de autonomia em idosos. Por sua parte, a dimensão de auto-aceitação difere entre sexos com a idade; as mulheres mostraram um descenso em seu crescimento pessoal com a idade, em quanto que o domínio do entorno aumenta com a idade adulta com maior estabilidade em mulheres. Conclusão. Pelo anterior, sugere-se promover o trabalho dos pensamentos negativos e desadaptativos em mulheres, já que os homens obtêm melhores pontuações em dimensões que diminuem a aparição de patologias relacionadas com o estado de ânimo. Também é recomendável fomentar o trabalho em relações sociais assim como nas próprias habilidades dos sujeitos.
Humans , Adolescent , Quality of Life , Adult , Aged , Sex
Given the uneven experimental results in the literature regarding whether or not familiarity declines with healthy aging and cognitive impairment, we compare four samples (healthy young people, healthy older people, older people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment - aMCI -, and older people with Alzheimer's disease - AD -) on an associative recognition task, which, following the logic of the process-dissociation procedure, allowed us to obtain corrected estimates of recollection, familiarity and false recognition. The results show that familiarity does not decline with healthy aging, but it does with cognitive impairment, whereas false recognition increases with healthy aging, but declines significantly with cognitive impairment. These results support the idea that the deficits detected in recollection, familiarity, or false recognition in older people could be used as early prodromal markers of cognitive impairment.
Aging/psychology , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Association , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Mental Recall , Recognition, Psychology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Psychological Tests , Young Adult
Well-being is one of the keys to successful and optimal development across the lifespan. Based on the idea that development involves changes in individuals' adaptive capacity to meet their needs over time, the changes that occur in the second half of life require effort to adapt to the new reality. This study used a structural model to test the effects of coping strategies and resilience on well-being in a sample of 305 mid-life adults. Several constructs were measured: coping strategies, resilience, and well-being. A final model was obtained with good fit indices; psychological well-being was positively predicted by resilience and negatively by emotional coping. Moreover, positive reappraisal and avoidance form part of both coping strategies (problem-focused and emotion-focused). Considering the characteristics of the model, educational intervention programs could be developed to promote skills that favor good adaptation at this stage in the life cycle and contribute to promoting successful aging.
Adaptation, Psychological , Personal Satisfaction , Resilience, Psychological , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
We present an associative recognition experiment comparing three samples of healthy people (young people, older people with high cognitive reserve [HCR], and older people with low cognitive reserve [LCR], with each sample consisting of 40 people), manipulating stimuli repetition during the study phase. The results show significant differences among the three samples in their overall performance. However, these differences are not due to a different use of familiarity, but rather due to a different way of using recollection: although there are no differences in the hit rates between the HRC and LRC samples, the LCR group makes significantly more recollective false alarms than the HCR group. Moreover, repetition provokes an increase in the recollective false alarms in the LCR group, but this does not occur in the group of young people or in the HCR group. These findings are explained in terms of recollection-based monitoring errors and seem to provide support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis.
Aging/psychology , Cognitive Reserve/physiology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Memory Disorders/psychology , Mental Recall/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Discrimination, Psychological , Female , Humans , Judgment , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Recognition, Psychology , Young Adult
This study aims to analyze implicit and explicit memory performance as a function of cognitive reserve (CR) in a healthy control group (N = 39) and a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (N = 37). Both groups were subdivided into high and low cognitive reserve, and were asked to complete an explicit and implicit associative recognition tasks. The results showed that the control group was able to learn both tasks (η2 = .19, p < .0001), and the high CR group fared better (η2 = .06, p < .05). The MCI sample, conversely, was unable to learn the implicit relationship, and showed very little learning on the explicit association task. Participants diagnosed with MCI showed little plasticity in learning associations regardless of CR (η2 = .12, p < .01).
Aging/physiology , Association Learning/physiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Cognitive Reserve/physiology , Recognition, Psychology/physiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
AIM: The present study distinguishes three memory stages across the lifespan, and aims to compare episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in healthy older adults, with amnesic mild cognitive impairment, and with Alzheimer's disease. This information can offer evidence about the way semantic and episodic autobiographical memory work, and how the disease affects them. METHODS: The sample was composed of 56 people, all aged over 60 years; 15 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 12 with Alzheimer's disease and 29 healthy older people. Participants were evaluated with the Autobiographical Memory Interview. RESULTS: A mixed anova showed significant main effects of memory and time-period, and significant interactions of memory × group, time-period × group and memory × time × group. DISCUSSION: Assessment of autobiographical memory provides information to differentiate amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients from Alzheimer's disease patients. Although the decline in episodic memory starts with the onset of the disease, semantic memory is maintained until moderate stages of dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16:1220-1225.
Aging/psychology , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Memory, Episodic , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Selection , Sampling Studies
This study aims to analyze implicit and explicit memory performance as a function of cognitive reserve (CR) in a healthy control group (N = 39) and a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (N = 37). Both groups were subdivided into high and low cognitive reserve, and were asked to complete an explicit and implicit associative recognition tasks. The results showed that the control group was able to learn both tasks (η2 = .19, p < .0001), and the high CR group fared better (η2 = .06, p < .05). The MCI sample, conversely, was unable to learn the implicit relationship, and showed very Little learning on the explicit association task. Participants diagnosed with MCI showed little plasticity in learning associations regardless of CR (η2 = .12, p < .01) (AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/physiology , Association Learning/physiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Cognitive Reserve/physiology , Recognition, Psychology/physiology
BACKGROUND: In the area of recognition memory, the experimental data have been inconsistent about whether or not familiarity declines in healthy aging. A recent meta-analysis concluded that familiarity is impaired when estimated with the remember-know procedure, but not with the process-dissociation procedure. METHOD: We present an associative recognition experiment with remember-know judgments that allow us to estimate both recollection and familiarity using both procedures in the same task and with the same participants (a sample of healthy older people and another sample of young people). Moreover, we performed a within-subjects manipulation of the type of materials (pairs of words or pairs of pictures), and the repetition or not of the pairs during the study phase. RESULTS: The results show that familiarity, estimated using both estimation procedures, declines significantly with age, although the effect size obtained with the process-dissociation procedure is significantly smaller than the one obtained with the remember-know procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that aging is associated with significant decreases both in recollection and, to a lesser extent, familiarity
ANTECEDENTES: en el ámbito de la memoria de reconocimiento existen datos experimentales discrepantes en relación a si la familiaridad decae o no en el envejecimiento saludable. En un reciente meta-análisis se concluyó que la familiaridad decae cuando la estimamos con el procedimiento recordar-saber, pero no cuando la estimamos con el procedimiento de disociación de procesos. MÉTODO: presentamos un experimento de reconocimiento asociativo con juicios recordar-saber que nos permite estimar tanto la recuperación como la familiaridad mediante ambos procedimientos en una sola tarea y en los mismos participantes (una muestra de mayores sanos y otra muestra de jóvenes). Manipulamos así mismo intrasujeto el tipo de materiales (pares de palabras o pares de fotografías) y la repetición o no de los pares durante la fase de estudio. RESULTADOS: los resultados muestran que la familiaridad, estimada mediante ambos procedimientos de estimación, decae con la edad de forma significativa, si bien el tamaño del efecto de la edad obtenido del procedimiento de disociación de procesos es significativamente menor que el obtenido con el procedimiento recordar-saber. CONCLUSIONES: nuestros resultados muestran que el envejecimiento se asocia con decrementos significativos tanto en recuperación como, en menor medida, en familiaridad
Humans , Aging/psychology , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Recognition, Psychology , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Memory, Long-Term , Memory, Short-Term
BACKGROUND: In the area of recognition memory, the experimental data have been inconsistent about whether or not familiarity declines in healthy aging. A recent meta-analysis concluded that familiarity is impaired when estimated with the remember-know procedure, but not with the process-dissociation procedure. METHOD: We present an associative recognition experiment with remember-know judgments that allow us to estimate both recollection and familiarity using both procedures in the same task and with the same participants (a sample of healthy older people and another sample of young people). Moreover, we performed a within-subjects manipulation of the type of materials (pairs of words or pairs of pictures), and the repetition or not of the pairs during the study phase. RESULTS: The results show that familiarity, estimated using both estimation procedures, declines significantly with age, although the effect size obtained with the process-dissociation procedure is significantly smaller than the one obtained with the remember-know procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that aging is associated with significant decreases both in recollection and, to a lesser extent, familiarity.
Aging/psychology , Mental Recall/physiology , Recognition, Psychology/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Association Learning/physiology , Facial Recognition/physiology , Female , Humans , Judgment , Male , Memory, Episodic , Middle Aged , Reference Values , Word Association Tests , Young Adult
BACKGROUND: Dementia is a significant public health problem. One non-pharmacological therapy that has shown its effectiveness is reminiscence, which is a psychological intervention designed to address issues of particular relevance to older adults. The aim of this study was to examine the benefits of an integrative reminiscence program in elderly people with dementia. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design and purposeful sampling were conducted at two retirement homes. Forty-two elderly adults with dementia were studied to measure the effect of the therapy (23 in the experimental group and 19 in the control group). The treatment group activity was held in 10 sessions. RESULTS: The treatment group significantly improved their depressive symptoms and self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, and environmental mastery. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for the effectiveness of integrative reminiscence therapy (RT) as an intervention in people with dementia, especially in reducing depressive symptoms and improving psychological well-being, with the therapy being effective on personal and emotional variables.
Dementia/psychology , Dementia/therapy , Depression/therapy , Mental Recall/physiology , Psychotherapy/methods , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male
OBJECTIVES: Aging, as a stage of development is marked by major changes to which the subject must adapt. Instrumental reminiscence is based on recalling times one coped with stressful circumstances, and analyzing what it took to adapt in those situations. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of an instrumental reminiscent program to enhance adaptive capacity (problem-focused coping and emotion-focused) and resilience in older adults. METHOD: Thirty participants noninstitutionalized conducted a pre and post assessment on a treatment consisting of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Brief Resilient Coping Scale and Stress Coping Questionnaire (CAE). The program was developed over 8 sessions of 60 min. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant differences in time-group interaction for treatment effectiveness of resilience measures, problem-solving coping, positive reappraisal and avoidance coping that it increased, and on emotion-focused coping and overt emotional expression that gets decreased after treatment. CONCLUSION: The instrumental reminiscence has proven to be a highly useful tool and is a potentially efficient way to improve adaptive capacity and resilience in the elderly to cope with adverse situations. Through non-pharmacological therapies, the quality of life has been improved, and subjects are provided with tools, strategies and skills that allow to achieve a satisfactory adaptation.
Adaptation, Psychological , Aging/psychology , Memory , Quality of Life , Resilience, Psychological , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Emotions , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders , Surveys and Questionnaires
Los términos de reserva cognitiva y compensación, han sido utilizados en una amplia variedad de situaciones en la literatura científica para referirse a la superación o reducción de las pérdidas o déficits en diferentes mecanismos y procesos como es la memoria. A través del Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ), se pretende analizar los diferentes mecanismos de compensación en relación con ciertas variables sociodemográficas (edad, genero y nivel educativo) de una muestra española y establecer, a partir de una medida combinada de reserva cognitiva (RC), las diferencias existentes entre sujetos con alta y baja reserva en el uso de mecanismos de compensación. Se evaluó a 264 sujetos jubilados españoles, donde se obtuvo que las estrategias de compensación más empleadas se basan en los mecanismos de remediación y sustitución. Las estrategias externas y de confianza son las que principalmente muestran correlaciones y diferencias significativas con las diferentes variables sociodemográficas analizadas. En cuanto a la reserva cognitiva, se observó que aquellos sujetos con alta RC presentaban mayor uso de estrategias externo e interno, y los sujetos con baja RC esfuerzo y cambio
The terms of cognitive reserve and compensation, have been used in a wide variety of situations in the scientific literature to refer to overcome or reduce losses or deficits in different mechanisms and processes such as memory. Through the Memory Compensation Questionnaire(MCQ), is intended to analyze the different mechanisms of compensation in relation to certain sociodemographic variables (age, gender and educational level) from a Spanish sample and establish, from a combined measure of cognitive reserve (CR), the differences between subjects with high and low reserve on using compensation mechanisms. 264 Spanish retirees were assessed. The results showed that the compensation strategies used more frequently were based on remediation and substitution mechanisms. External strategies and confidence are those that show main differences and significant correlations with sociodemographic variables. Regarding cognitive reserve, it was observed that those subjects with higher CR obtainedgreater use of external strategies and internal, and subjects with lower RC in effort and change
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cognitive Reserve , Aging/psychology , Memory Disorders/psychology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Health Strategies , Leisure Activities/psychology , Activities of Daily Living/psychology
Compensating entails using external strategies and mechanisms that help overcome or alleviate the decreasing memory function that comes with age. This study aims to adapt and validate the MCQ in the elderly Spanish population. A total of 403 elderly people aged between 65 and 92 in the city of Valencia (Spain) completed the questionnaire for the validation process. The factorial validity of the scale was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The result showed a first order five-factor model with 23 items that met the criteria for model fit according to multiple fit indices. As a general conclusion, the adaptation into Spanish provided a reliable and valid measure of compensation in the elderly population, and it could potentially be useful in both clinical practice and research in the elderly.
Memory Disorders/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adaptation, Psychological , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Memory Disorders/diagnosis , Psychological Tests/standards , Reproducibility of Results , Spain , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards
Development during life-span implies to cope with stressful events, and this coping may be done with several strategies. It could be useful to know if these coping strategies differ as a consequence of personal characteristics. This work uses the Coping with Stress Questionnaire with this aim using a sample of 400 participants. Specifically, the effects of gender and age group (young people, middle age and elderly), as well as its interaction on coping strategies is studied. With regard to age, on one hand, it is hypothesised a decrement in the use of coping strategies centred in problem solving and social support seeking as age increases. On the other hand, the use of emotional coping is hypothesised to increase with age. With respect to gender, it is hypothesised a larger use of emotional coping and social support seeking within women, and a larger use of problem solving within men. A MANOVA found significant effects for the two main effects (gender and age) as well as several interactions. Separate ANOVAs allowed us to test for potential differences in each of the coping strategies measured in the CAE. These results partially supported the hypotheses. Results are discussed in relation to scientific literature on coping, age and gender.
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Emotions/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Problem Solving/physiology , Sex Factors , Social Support , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
